NASA yohereje mu kirere abahanga bane ku rugendo rwa mbere rw’abaturage rugana hafi y’ukwezi nyuma y’imyaka irenga 50

Abahanga bane mu by’isanzure bahagurutse muri Leta ya Florida ku wa Gatatu mu butumwa bwa NASA bwiswe Artemis II, urugendo rw’ingenzi ruzenguruka ukwezi, rugaragaza intambwe ikomeye Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika itewe mu gusubiza abantu ku kwezi muri iyi myaka iri imbere, mu gihe iri guhangana n’u Bushinwa muri iryo rushanwa.

Rokete ya NASA yitwa Space Launch System (SLS), yari yikoreye kapsule y’abagenzi yitwa Orion, yahagurutse mbere gato y’izuba rirenze ku kigo cya NASA cya Kennedy Space Center kiri i Cape Canaveral muri Florida. Iyo roketi yari itwaye itsinda rya mbere ry’abagenzi: abanyamerika batatu n’umunya-Canada umwe. Yahagurutse mu kirere ikurikirwa n’umwotsi munini w’umweru.

Umuyobozi wa NASA, Jared Isaacman, yavuze ko uku guhaguruka ari intangiriro y’indi mishanga izakurikiraho harimo no kubaka ibirindiro ku kwezi bizafasha abantu kuhaguma igihe kirekire.

Yagize ati: “Iyi ni intangiriro yo kubaka ubuzima burambye ku kwezi.”

Niba ubutumwa bukomeje uko bwateguwe, iri tsinda rigizwe n’abahanga ba NASA ari bo Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover na Christina Koch, hamwe n’umuhanga w’Ikigo cy’u Canada gishinzwe iby’isanzure, Jeremy Hansen, bazazenguruka ukwezi maze bagaruke ku Isi mu rugendo ruzamara hafi iminsi 10.
Muri urwo rugendo bazagerageza ubushobozi bwa Orion, bajya kure cyane mu isanzure kurusha aho umuntu uwo ari we wese yigeze agera.

Ubu butumwa ni bwo bwa mbere muri gahunda ya Artemis bujyanyemo abantu, bukaba ari bwo bwa mbere abantu boherezwa hafi y’ukwezi nyuma y’imyaka 53, kuva abantu baheruka kuva hanze y’Isi bajya muri ako gace.

Ni imyitozo ya nyuma mbere y’uko NASA igerageza kumanura abantu ku kwezi muri iyi myaka iri imbere. Nyuma ya Artemis II, hateganyijwe indi nshingano imwe izazenguruka ukwezi mbere yo kugerageza kugwa ku kwezi.

NASA irateganya ko mu 2028 ubutumwa bwa Artemis IV buzaba ari bwo bwa mbere buzamanura abantu ku gice cy’amajyepfo y’ukwezi, mu rwego rwo kugerageza kugerayo mbere y’u Bushinwa, na bwo buteganya kohereza abantu muri ako gace bitarenze mu 2030.

Ubushize abantu bagendeye ku kwezi – ibintu kugeza ubu byagezweho na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gusa – byabaye mu 1972 mu butumwa bwa nyuma bwa Apollo.
Nyuma y’imyaka hafi itatu y’imyitozo, iri tsinda ni ryo rya mbere rigiye kuguruka muri gahunda ya Artemis, gahunda yatangijwe mu 2017 ifite intego yo gutuma Amerika igira ibikorwa bihoraho ku kwezi mu myaka iri imbere, ndetse bikazaba intambwe yo kujya no kuri Mars.

Mbere gato y’uko bahaguruka, Jeremy Hansen, wari wicaye muri kapsule ya Orion, yabwiye abari bayoboye ubutumwa i Houston ati:

“Ni Jeremy, turi kugenda ku bw’inyungu z’inyokomuntu yose.”

Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, wari uyoboye gahunda yo guhagurutsa roketi, yavuze ati:

“Reid, Victor, Christina na Jeremy, muri uru rugendo rw’amateka, mutwaye umutima w’itsinda rya Artemis, ubutwari bw’Abanyamerika n’abafatanyabikorwa bacu bo ku isi hose, ndetse n’inzozi z’igisekuru gishya.”
 

Nyuma y’amasaha make roketi ihagurutse, igice cya SLS cyari hejuru cyatandukanyijwe neza na kapsule ya Orion yakozwe na sosiyete ya Lockheed Martin hamwe na moteri yayo.

Nyuma yaho, abari muri Orion batangiye kugerageza imwe mu ntego za mbere z’urugendo: kuyiyobora ubwabo bazenguruka cya gice cya roketi cyari gisigaye, kugira ngo berekane ko bashobora kuyigenzura igihe uburyo bwikoresha bwaba bwanze.

Uku guhaguruka kwabaye intambwe ikomeye kuri NASA nyuma y’imyaka irenga 10 itegura iyi roketi ya SLS. Byanahaye ibigo biyikora, ari byo Boeing na Northrop Grumman, icyizere cy’uko iyi roketi ishobora gutwara abantu neza mu kirere.

Mu myaka yashize, NASA yarushijeho gukoresha rokete zihendutse kandi zigezweho z’ibigo nka SpaceX cya Elon Musk n’izindi, mu kohereza abantu mu kirere kiri hafi y’Isi.

Intsinzi y’uru rugendo rwa Artemis II kugeza ubu yahaye NASA amahirwe yo kongera icyizere, cyane cyane nyuma y’uko icyo kigo cyatakaje hafi 20% by’abakozi bacyo kubera gahunda ya Leta ya Donald Trump yo kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa na Leta.

 

Ubutumwa bwa Artemis II buzajyana iri tsinda ry’abantu bane ku ntera ya kilometero 406,000, ni ukuvuga miles 252,000, bikazaba ari byo abantu bazaba bageze kure cyane kurusha ibindi bihe byose.

Rekodi yari isanzweho ni iya Apollo 13 yo mu 1970, aho itsinda ry’abagabo batatu ryageze ku ntera ya miles 248,000. Icyo gihe ariko bahuye n’ikibazo gikomeye ubwo tanki ya oxygène yaturikaga, bituma batabasha kugwa ku kwezi nk’uko byari biteganyijwe.

NASA yari yaragerageje ubutumwa bwa mbere bwa Artemis mu 2022 itajyanye abantu, yohereza Orion mu rugendo nk’uru rwo kuzenguruka ukwezi no kugaruka.

Artemis II izaba ikigeragezo gikomeye kuri Orion na SLS, gahunda izwiho gutwara amafaranga menshi cyane, aho buri rugendo rushobora gutwara hagati ya miliyari 2 na 4 z’amadolari.

Ibigo bya SpaceX cya Elon Musk na Blue Origin cya Jeff Bezos biri mu irushanwa ryo gukora imodoka zizatwara abahanga ba NASA zikabamanura ku kwezi.

Mu mbere, Artemis III ni yo yari iteganyijwe kuba ubutumwa bwa mbere bwo kugwa ku kwezi. Ariko muri Gashyantare, umuyobozi mushya wa NASA Jared Isaacman yongeyemo indi nshingano yo kugerageza mbere yo kugera kuri uwo mugambi.